英语的变迁 一种语言.多种声音 英文版【2025|PDF下载-Epub版本|mobi电子书|kindle百度云盘下载】

英语的变迁 一种语言.多种声音 英文版PDF格式电子书版下载

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1 English-the Working Tongue of the Global Village1

English is spoken in circles2

The Inner Circle3

The Outer Circle4

The Expanding Circle5

Do we need a world language?5

Why English?6

One or two explanations8

Part Ⅰ History of an Island Language13

2 The First 500 Years13

Roman Britain14

Ships are sighted with English in embryo on board17

Christianity in the Isles19

The Viking age22

What was Old English like?27

The Lord's Prayer27

Beowulf30

Two translations into Modern English32

3 1066 and All That33

Middle English36

An influx of French words36

Grammatical endings disappear39

Geoffrey Chaucer and William Caxton40

4 Modern English in the Making46

The Three'Rs'-Renaissance,Reformation,Restoration47

English and Latin48

The Elizabethan period50

Shakespeare's language54

The King James Bible-a milestone in the history of English58

Restoration and reaction60

English gains a new domain-the language of science63

'Dictionary Johnson'64

The'End of History'?65

Codification of the standard language67

Part Ⅱ The Spread of English around the World69

5 English Goes to the New World71

English takes root in America72

The Pilgrim Fathers75

The first Americanisms76

Linguistic variety and uniformity in the United States78

The American Revolution82

The frontier moves further west85

New Americans89

English goes to Canada90

Cartier and Canada91

Loyalists'influence93

Canadian English95

6 English Transplanted98

Australia:the First Fleet99

Kangaroo,koala,kookaburra become English101

Australian English104

New Zealand-Aotearoa105

New Zealand English108

English in Africa-the Inner Circle110

English comes to South Africa112

English in Africa-the Outer Circle115

English in South Asia117

'The jewel in the crown'117

English in Southeast Asia119

New Englishes121

7 English Varieties in the British Isles124

RP(Received Pronunciation)125

Cockney128

Estuary English130

The North132

The West Country133

Vernacular grammar134

English in Wales135

English in Scotland136

Scottish varieties140

English in Ireland144

8 American and British English150

'Divided by a common language'?152

Americanisms and Americanization157

Persistent transatlantic differences of vocabulary159

American and British pronunciation:comparing GA with RP163

American vs.British grammar166

AAVE-Black English-Ebonics169

9 From Caribbean English to Creole174

Pidgins and creoles176

Jamaican creole179

Sranan181

The life cycle of a creole183

The Atlantic creoles and their characteristics185

Tok Pisin187

Part Ⅲ A Changing Language in Changing Times191

10 The Standard Language Today191

Standard English-the written language193

Vocabulary-combining the North Sea and the Mediterranean197

A spectrum of usage-from speech to writing199

Is spoken English grammatical?203

11 Linguistic Change in Progress:Back to the Inner Circle206

Grammaticalization206

Colloquialization207

Liberalization?209

Americanization210

Is English becoming a more democratic language?211

Is English becoming a non-sexist language?215

Electronic English219

12 English into the Future222

One English or many Englishes?222

World English225

The globalization of English227

English as a lingua franca232

'Reports of the death of the native speaker have been exaggerated'235

What is happening in the heartland of English?237

Changing American voices:Northern Cities Shift239

The English juggernaut?241

And where is it all going?246

Notes:Comments and References247

References266

Index of People274

Index of Topics276

Pronunciation286

List of Figures2

1.1 The three concentric circles of English worldwide2

1.2 The mushroom of English8

2.1 Diagram of Germanic and Celtic languages within the Indo-European family14

2.2 Map of the British Isles16

2.3 Map of the main Anglo-Saxon kingdoms20

2.4 Map of the Danelaw and Scandinavian settlement-names,showing the paths of Viking incursions and settlements26

2.5 Runes28

2.6 The first page of the sole surviving manuscript of Beowulf30

3.1 A scene from the Bayeux tapestry34

3.2 The opening lines of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales,from Caxton's early printed version(1478)41

3.3 The oldest known representation of a printing press(1507)44

4.1 The title-page of Shakespeare's First Folio51

4.2 An early sketch of an Elizabethan theatre53

5.1 Early expeditions to America by Engl ish speakers,and the thirteen original states(with their present boundaries)73

5.2 Main accent areas in the United States81

5.3 Map of the United States84

5.4 South-eastern Canada93

6.1 The Endeavour99

6.2 Map of Australia101

6.3 Map of New Zealand107

6.4 Map of South Africa111

7.1 The pyramid of standardization127

7.2 Map of England and Wales131

7.3 An engraving of the four sides of the Ruthwell Cross137

7.4 Map of Scotland139

7.5 Robert Burns142

7.6 Map of Ireland145

8.1 The spread of English in the world151

9.1 The Caribbean and Central America175

9.2 Map of Jamaica178

9.3 Scene from a Caribbean wedding179

9.4 Map of Suriname,Guyana and French Guiana181

10.1 A spectrum of usage linking speech with writing200

12.1 A model of world English226

12.2 Dialect areas in the United States with the Northern Cities Shift240

12.3 Northern Cities Shift241