INDIVIDUAL CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILIY IN INTENATIONAL LAW【2025|PDF下载-Epub版本|mobi电子书|kindle百度云盘下载】

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PART 1: INTRODUCTION3

1. Criminal Responsibility in International Law3

1.1 War and law3

1.2 From war crimes law to international criminal law4

1.3 State responsibility vis-a-vis individual responsibility5

1.4 International criminal law8

1.4.1 Nature of norms8

1.4.2 Pluralism or uniformity?9

1.4.3 Sources of law12

2. Collective Criminality, Individual Responsibility17

2.1 Individual criminal responsibility17

2.1.1 Developments in municipal criminal law17

2.1.2 International criminal responsibility18

2.2 System criminality20

2.3 Bernays' collective criminality theory22

2.3.1 Conspiracy-criminal responsibility at leadership level23

2.3.2 Criminal organizations-criminal responsibility at execution level26

2.4 Subsequent proceedings30

2.4.1 Membership liability32

2.4.2 Common design33

2.4.3 Complicity35

2.5 Concluding observations36

3. Parameters of Criminal Responsibility39

3.1 Terminology39

3.2 Subjective element40

3.2.1 ICC Statute45

3.2.2 Ad hoc tribunals50

3.3 Objective element52

3.3.1 Broad and narrow understanding53

3.3.2 Commission and omission54

PART 2: ATTRIBUTING CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY61

4. Perpetration and Participation61

4.1 Codifying individual criminal responsibility61

4.2 Participation in crime: a comparative perspective65

4.2.1 Unitary and differentiated models65

4.2.2 Derivative and autonomous models67

4.2.3 Contribution and crime-oriented models70

4.2.4 Naturalistic and normative models71

4.2.5 Differentiated and unitary: a fading distinction73

4.3 International models of participation: preliminary observations74

4.4 Concluding remarks74

5. Principals and Accessories77

5.1 Introduction77

5.2 The principal-accessory distinction77

5.2.1 The advance of the normative approach77

5.2.2 Bolstering the principal status80

5.3 Distinguishing criteria: Roxin's theory81

5.4 'Control of the crime'83

5.4.1 Dualism85

5.4.2 Roxin's theory and the ICC86

5.5 Concluding observations88

6. Forms of Criminal Responsibility89

6.1 Introduction89

6.2 Direct and indirect perpetration89

6.2.1 Comparative perspective89

6.2.2 International criminal tribunals91

6.2.3 ICC93

6.3 Co-perpetration95

6.3.1 Comparative perspective95

6.3.2 International criminal tribunals96

6.3.3 ICC99

6.4 Instigation, ordering, soliciting, and inducing102

6.4.1 Comparative perspective102

6.4.2 International criminal tribunals104

6.4.3 ICC107

6.5 Planning110

6.5.1 Comparative perspective110

6.5.2 International criminal tribunals110

6.6 Aiding and abetting112

6.6.1 Common law origin112

6.6.2 Comparative perspective116

6.6.3 International criminal tribunals120

6.6.4 ICC127

6.7 Common purpose liability131

6.7.1 Comparative perspective131

6.7.2 International criminal tribunals133

6.7.3 ICC145

6.8 Attempt147

6.8.1 Comparative perspective147

6.8.2 International criminal tribunals150

6.8.3 ICC151

6.9 Conclusion: mixed models of criminal participation153

7. Crime-Specific and Leadership Modalities157

7.1 Introduction Leadership modalities157

7.2 JCE at leadership level157

7.2.1 Indirect co-perpetration and interlinked JCE158

7.2.2 Observations163

7.3 Indirect co-perpetration at the ICC165

7.3.1 Observations168

7.4 Indirect co-perpetration and interlinked JCE compared Crime-specific modalities170

7.5 Complicity in genocide171

7.5.1 International criminal tribunals172

7.5.2 ICC178

7.6 Inchoate offences179

7.6.1 Conspiracy to commit genocide179

7.6.2 Incitement to commit genocide180

7.7 Concluding observations: theories of imputation181

8. Superior Responsibility183

8.1 Introduction183

8.2 Developments in the law on superior responsibility184

8.2.1 The Celebici case185

8.2.2 Successor superior responsibility187

8.2.3 Loosening the superior-subordinate relationship189

8.2.4 Observations192

8.3 The ambiguous nature of superior responsibility195

8.4 Article 28 of the ICC Statute197

8.4.1 Textual analysis197

8.4.2 Nature of liability199

8.5 Superior responsibility in national law202

8.6 A multilayered concept204

8.7 Superior responsibility as parallel liability206

8.7.1 Revisiting its nature206

8.7.2 Superior responsibility as 'lex specialis207

8.8 Concluding observations209

PART 3: DEFENCES213

9. Grounds for Excluding Criminal Responsibility213

9.1 Introduction213

9.2 Preliminary observations214

9.2.1 International law defences and criminal law defences215

9.2.2 Justification and excuse215

9.2.3 The mental element and defences217

9.2.4 The reasonable person standard and Garantenstellung219

9.2.5 The culpa in causa or 'conduct-in-causing' analysis221

9.3 Article 31 of the ICC Statute221

9.4 Mental defect224

9.4.1 Text224

9.4.2 Comparative perspective224

9.4.3 International jurisprudence226

9.5 Intoxication228

9.5.1 Text228

9.5.2 Comparative perspective230

9.5.3 International jurisprudence233

9.6 Self-defence233

9.6.1 Preliminary observations233

9.6.2 Text235

9.6.3 Comparative perspective239

9.6.4 International jurisprudence240

9.7 Duress242

9.7.1 Text242

9.7.2 Comparative perspective243

9.7.3 International jurisprudence249

9.8 Non-statutory defences260

9.8.1 Belligerent reprisals261

9.8.2 Tu quoque263

9.8.3 Military necessity264

9.9 Concluding observations267

10. Mistake of Fact and Law269

10.1 Introduction269

10.2 The defence of mistake269

10.2.1 Descriptive and normative elements269

10.2.2 Mistake of fact271

10.2.3 Mistake of law271

10.2.4 The scope of mistake of law in ICL272

10.3 International jurisprudence274

10.4 Comparative perspective276

10.4.1 Anglo-American law276

10.4.2 Civil law278

10.5 Article 32 of the ICC Statute281

10.5.1 The interplay between Articles 32 and 30 of the ICC Statute281

10.5.2 Interpreting Article 32284

10.6 Concluding observations285

11. Superior Orders287

11.1 Introduction287

11.2 Legal history287

11.3 Article 33 of the ICC Statute293

11.3.1 Text293

11.3.2 Three conditions295

11.4 International jurisprudence296

11.5 Superior orders in national law299

11.5.1 The conditional liability approach299

11.5.2 Absolute liability approach301

11.5.3 A combined approach302

11.5.4 Justification or excuse?303

11.6 Battlefield reality304

11.7 Concluding observations306

Annex: Selected Provisions307

Bibliography313

Index333