语言学教程 修订版【2025|PDF下载-Epub版本|mobi电子书|kindle百度云盘下载】

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Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics1

1.1 Why study language？1

1.2 What is language？3

1.3 Design features of language3

1.3.1 Arbitrariness4

1.3.2 Duality6

1.3.3 Creativity7

1.3.4 Displacement8

1.4 Origin of language9

1.5 Functions of language10

1.5.1 Informative11

1.5.2 Interpersonal function12

1.5.3 Performative13

1.5.4 Emotive function13

1.5.5 Phatic communion14

1.5.6 Recreational function15

1.5.7 Metalingual function16

1.6 What is linguistics？16

1.7 Main branches of linguistics17

1.7.1 Phonetics17

1.7.2 Phonology18

1.7.3 Morphology19

1.7.4 Syntax19

1.7.5 Semantics20

1.7.6 Pragmatics20

1.8 Macrolinguistics20

1.8.1 Psycholinguistics21

1.8.2 Sociolinguistics21

1.8.3 Anthropological linguistics22

1.8.4 Computational linguistics22

1.9 Important distinctions in linguistics23

1.9.1 Descriptives.prescriptive23

1.9.2 Synchronic vs.diachronic24

1.9.3 Langue＆parole24

1.9.4 Competence and performance25

1.9.5 Etic vs.Emic26

Further Reading27

Questions and Exercises28

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds31

2.1 Speech production and perception31

2.2 Speech organs32

2.3 Segments，divergences，and phonetic transcription36

2.3.1 Segments and divergences36

2.3.2 Phonetic transcription36

2.4 Consonants39

2.4.1 Consonants and vowels39

2.4.2 Consonants39

2.4.3 Manners of articulation40

2.4.4 Places of articulation42

2.4.5 The consonants of English44

2.5 Vowels45

2.5.1 The criteria of vowel description45

2.5.2 The theory of cardinal vowels46

2.5.3 Vowel glides48

2.5.4 The vowels ofRP48

2.6 Coarticulation and phonetic transcription52

2.6.1 Coarticulation52

2.6.2 Broad and narrow transcriptions53

2.7 Phonological analysis54

2.8 Phonemes and allophones55

2.8.1 Minimal pairs55

2.8.2 The phoneme theory57

2.8.3 Allophones57

2.9 Phonological processes60

2.9.1 Assimilation60

2.9.2 Phonological processes and phonological rules61

2.9.3 Rule ordering63

2.10 Distinctive features66

2.11 Syllables68

2.11.1 The syllable structure68

2.11.2 Sonority scale70

2.11.3 Syllabification and the maximal onset principle71

2.12 Stress71

Further Reading72

Questions and Exercises73

Chapter 3 Lexicon76

3.1 What is word？76

3.1.1 Three senses of“word”76

3.1.2 Identification of words78

3.1.3 Classification of words80

3.2 The formation of word84

3.2.1 Morpheme and morphology84

3.2.2 Types ofmorphemes84

3.2.3 Inflection and word formation88

3.2.4 The counterpoint of phonology and morphology93

3.3 Lexical change96

3.3.1 Lexical change proper97

3.3.2 Phonological change103

3.3.3 Morpho-syntactical change105

3.3.4 Semantic change107

3.3.5 Orthographic change110

Further Reading110

Questions and Exercises111

Chapter 4 Syntax115

4.1 The traditional approach115

4.1.1 Number，gender and case116

4.1.2 Tense and aspect117

4.1.3 Concord and government118

4.2 The structural approach119

4.2.1 Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations119

4.2.2 Immediate constituent analysis122

4.2.3 Endocentric and exocentric constructions129

4.3 The generative approach131

4.3.1 Deep and surface structures132

4.3.2 The standard theory and after135

4.3.3 Government，binding，etc140

4.4 The functional approach148

4.4.1 Functional sentence perspective148

4.4.2 Systemic-functional grammar150

Further Reading155

Questions and Exercises156

Chapter 5 Meaning158

5.1 Meanings of“meaning”158

5.2 The referential theory160

5.3 Sense relations163

5.3.1 Synonymy163

5.3.2 Antonymy164

5.3.3 Hyponymy168

5.4 Componential analysis170

5.5 Sentence meaning173

5.5.1 An integrated theory174

5.5.2 Logical semantics179

Further Reading187

Questions and Exercises188

Chapter 6 Language Processing in Mind191

6.1 Introduction191

6.1.1 Evidence192

6.1.2 Current issues193

6.2 Language comprehension194

6.2.1 Word recognition195

6.2.2 Lexical ambiguity198

6.2.3 Syntactic processing199

6.2.4 Semantics and sentence memory202

6.2.5 Basic processes in reading204

6.3 Discourse/text interpretations206

6.3.1 Schemata and inference drawing207

6.3.2 Story structure210

6.4 Language production212

6.4.1 Speech production212

6.4.2 Written language215

Further Reading217

Questions and Exercises218

Chapter 7 Language，Culture，and Society223

7.1 Language and culture223

7.1.1 How does language relate to culture？223

7.1.2 More about the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis228

7.1.3 Case studies232

7.1.4 To which extent do we need culture in our linguistic study？233

7.1.5 Culture in language teaching classroom234

7.2 Language and society235

7.2.1 How does language relate to society？235

7.2.2 A situationally and socially variationist perspective236

7.2.3 What should we know more about sociolinguistics？239

7.2.4 What implications can we get from sociolinguistics？240

7.3 Summary242

Further Reading243

Questions and Exercises244

Chapter 8 Language in Use246

8.1 Speech act theory247

8.1.1 Performatives and constatives247

8.1.2 A theory of the illocutionary act249

8.2 The theory of conversational implicature252

8.2.1 The cooperative principle252

8.2.2 Violation of the maims255

8.2.3 Characteristics ofimplicature258

8.3 Post-Gricean developments262

8.3.1 Relevance theory263

8.3.2 The Q-and R-principles266

8.3.3 The Q-，I-and M-principles272

Further Reading279

Questions and Exercises280

Chapter 9 Language and Literature282

9.1 Theoretical background282

9.2 Some general features of the literary language284

9.2.1 Foregrounding and grammatical form284

9.2.2 Literal language and figurative language286

9.2.3 The analysis of literary language288

9.3 The language in poetry290

9.3.1 Sound patterning290

9.3.2 Different forms of sound patterning291

9.3.3 Stress and metrical patterning292

9.3.4 Conventional forms of metre and sound294

9.3.5 The poetic functions of sound and metre295

9.3.6 How to analyse poetry？296

9.4 The language in fiction298

9.4.1 Fictional prose and point of view298

9.4.2 Speech and thought presentation301

9.4.3 Prose style306

9.4.4 How to analyse the language of fiction？307

9.5 The language in drama308

9.5.1 How should we analyse drama？308

9.5.2 Analysing dramatic language310

9.5.3 How to analyse dramatic texts？316

Further Reading317

Questions and Exercises318

Chapter 10 Language and Computer320

10.1 Computer-assisted language learning（CALL）321

10.1.1 CAL/CAI vs CALL321

10.1.2 Phases of CALL development322

10.1.3 Technology324

10.2 Machine translation326

10.2.1 History of development326

10.2.2 Research methods329

10.2.3 MT quality332

10.2.4 MT and the Internet333

10.2.5 Spoken language translation334

10.2.6 MT and human translation335

10.3 Corpuslinguistics336

10.3.1 Definition336

10.3.2 Criticisms and the revival of corpus linguistics337

10.3.3 Concordance338

10.3.4 Text encoding and annotation339

10.3.5 The roles of corpus data341

10.4 Information retrieval344

10.4.1 Scope defined344

10.4.2 An information retrieval system345

10.4.3 Three main areas of reearch346

10.5 Mail and news347

Further Reading349

Questions and Exercises350

Chapter 11 Linguistics and Foreign Languagereaching352

11.1 The relation of linguistics to foreign language teaching352

11.2 Various linguistic views and their significance in language learning and teaching354

11.2.1 Traditional grammar354

11.2.2 Structuralist linguistics354

11.2.3 Transformational-Generative linguistics355

11.2.4 Functional linguistics356

11.2.5 The theory of communicative competence356

11.3 Syllabus design358

11.3.1 What is syllabus？358

11.3.2 Major factors in syllabus design358

11.3.3 Types of syllabus359

11.4 Language learning366

11.4.1 Grammar and language learning368

11.4.2 Input and language learning370

11.4.3 Interlanguage in language learning372

11.5 Error analysis374

11.5.1 Errors，mistakes，and error analysis374

11.5.2 Attitudes to errors374

11.5.3 Procedure of error analysis376

11.5.4 Contrastive analysis and non-contrastive analysis376

11.6 Testing378

11.6.1 Two different approaches to testing379

11.6.2 Types of test379

11.6.3 Requirements of a good test380

11.6.4 Test content and test form383

11.6.5 Marking and interpretation of scores384

11.7 Summarv386

Further Reading387

Questions and Exercises388

Chapter 12 Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics392

12.0 Introduction392

12.1 The Prague School394

12.1.1 Introduction394

12.1.2 Phonology and phonological oppositions395

12.1.3 Functional Sentence Perspective（FSP）397

12.2 The London Scbool401

12.2.1 Malinowski's theories402

12.2.2 Firth's theories404

12.2.3 Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar408

12.3 American Structuralism423

12.3.1 Early period：Boas and Sapir424

12.3.2 Bloomfield's theory427

12.3.3 Post-Bloomfieldian linguistics429

12.4 Transformational-Generative Grammar433

12.4.1 The innateness hypothesis434

12.4.2 What is a generative grammar？437

12.4.3 The Classical Theory438

12.4.4 The Standard Theory444

12.4.5 The Extended Standard Theory446

12.4.6 Later theories449

12.4.7 Main features of TG Grammar452

12.5 Revisionists？Rebels？452

12.5.1 Case Grammar452

12.5.2 Generative Semantics454

Further Reading457

Questions and Exercises459

Bibliography460

Key to Questions and Exercises478

Glossary and Index499